French psychiatrist and revolutionary thinker, whose writings had profound influence on the radical movements in the 1960s in the United States and Europe. As a philosopher born in Martinique, Fanon's views gained audience in the Caribbean islands along with Aimé Césaire, Edouard Glissant, C.L.R. James, and Eric Williams. Fanon rejected the concept of Négritude – a term first used by Césaire – and stated that persons' status depends on their economical and social position. Fanon believed that violent revolution is the only means of ending colonial repression and cultural trauma in the Third World. "Violence," he argued, "is a cleansing force. It frees the native from his inferiority complex and from his despair and inaction; it makes him fearless and restores his self-respect."

"I have no wish to be the victim of the Fraud of a black world.
My life should not be devoted to drawing up the balance sheet of Negro values.
There is no white world, there is no white ethic, any more than there is a white intelligence.
There are in every part of the world men who search.
I am not a prisoner of history. I should not seek there for the meaning of my destiny.
I should constantly remind myself that the real leap consists in introduction invention into existence.
In the world through which I travel, I am endlessly creating myself." (Fanon in Black Skin, White Masks, 1952)

Frantz Fanon grew up in Martinique amid descendants of African slaves, who had been brought to the Caribbean to toil on the island's sugar plantations. Frantz was the fifth of eight children. By the social-economic standards of the island, his family was not wealthy but belonged to the middle-class. His father, Casimir, was employed by the customs service; he died in 1947. Fanon's mother Eléanore Médélice, who was the dominating figure in the family, opened in the rue de la République a shop selling hardware and drapery. Five of the children went to France for higher education.

At the lycée Schoelcher in Fort-de-France, where Fanon studied, one of his teachers was Aimé Césaire. In his teenage, Fanon became politically active and participated in the guerrilla struggle against the supporters of the pro-Nazi French Vichy government. He served in the Free French forces and volunteered to go to Europe to fight. For a period he was stationed at the house of the novelist Paul Bourget (1852–1935), spending much of his time in Bourget's old library. In the Doubs region, near Montbéliard, Fanon was wounded in the back. He also took part in the Battle of Alsace. "If a were never to return, if you hear one day that I died fighting the enemy, comfort yourselves in any way you can," he said in a letter to his parents, "but do not sat that I died defending an honorable cause [...] There is nothing here, absolutely nothing to justify my speedy decision to anoint myself as the defender of a farmer's rights, when the farmer, himself, does not care a damn about those rights." After the war, Fanon studied medicine and psychiatry in Paris and Lyons.

Fanon attended courses taught by Merleau-Ponty and André Leroi-Gourhan. An intellectual with a broad range of interests, he read Lévi-Strauss, Mauss, Heidegger, Hegel, Lenin, the young Marx, as well as the works of Leon Trotsky. While in Lyons, he completed two plays, Les mains parallèles and L'œil se noie. Fanon's friends included Edouard Glissant, his younger compatriot, who studied philosophy and history at the Sorbonne. Fanon was, according to Glissant "extremely sensitive". Glissant debuted as a poet with Un champ d'îles (1953), Fanon's first major work, Peau noire, masques blancs, came out in 1952.

The book, analyzed the impact of colonialism and its deforming effects, had a major influence on civil rights, anti-colonial, and black consciousness movements around the world. Fanon argued that white colonialism imposed an existentially false and degrading existence upon its black victims to the extent, that it demanded their conformity to its distorted values. The colonized is not seen by the colonizer a human being; this is also the picture the colonized is forced to accept. Fanon demonstrates how the problem of race, of color, connects with a whole range of words and images, starting from the symbol of the dark side of the soul. "Is not whiteness in symbols always ascribed in French to Justice, Truth, Virginity?" Fanon examines race prejudices as a philosopher and psychologist, although he acknowledges social and economic realities. The tone of the text varies from outrage to cool analysis and its poetic grace has not lost anything from its appeal.

Fanon's thesis, The Disalienation of the Black Man, was rejected, but it formed the basis of Black Skin, White Masks. On the advice of an lecturer, he submitted a study of Friedrich's ataxia. After qualifying as a psychiatrist, Fanon worked for a brief period as a substitute physician at Colson, in the Antilles, but returned soon back to Paris, complaining of the closemindness of the place. He then joined the staff at Saint-Alban. His mentor was the psychiatrist François Tosquelles. "His mere presence could engage the critical faculties of others," recalled Tosquelles of Fanon's stay at Saint-Alban, "and his acute sense of fraternity allowed him to convey his lucid grasp of difference as a give." In 1953, Fanon began to practice in a psychiatric ward in Algeria. He married in 1953 a young white Frenchwoman, Marie-Josephe (Josie) Dublé. They had one son, Oliver – he was Fanon's second child. In 1948, Fanon had become a father to a daughter, whom he acknowledged, but did not marry her mother. At Blida-Joinville's hospital, where Fanon was Chef de service, he applied the ideas of Tosquelles, an innovative practitioner of group therapy.

In 1954, the National Liberation Front (FLN) started its open warfare against French rule. After three years in Blida-Joinville, Fanon walked away from his job. He allied himself with the Algerian liberation movement, that sought to throw off French rule. Fanon travelled guerrilla camps from Mali to Sahara, hid terrorists at his home, and trained nurses to dress wounds. In 1959, he was severely wounded on the border of Algeria and Morocco. Fanon then worked briefly as an ambassador of the provisional Algerian government to Ghana and edited in Tunisia the magazine Moudjahid. During this period, he also founded Africa's first psychiatric clinic. Much of his writing concentrated on the Algerian revolution, including the essays published in L'An Cinq, de la Révolution Algérienne (1959), in which he calls for armed struggle against the French imperialism. Fanon himself did not live long enough to witness Algeria's independence.

Fanon survived the slaughter in 1957, in which the F.L.N. killed 300 suspected supporters of a rival rebel group, he suffered a temporary paralysis, when his jeep was blown up by a mine in 1959, and he survived an assassination attempt in Libya. After a 1,200-mile intelligence expedition in 1960, from Mali to the Algerian, Fanon was seriously ill and he was diagnosed of having leukemia. When he went to Moscow, the Soviet doctors promised him a five year reprive.

In October 1961, Fanon was brought to the United States with the help of an C.I.A. agent. He was hospitalized in the National Institute of Health, in Washington, D.C. Fanon died on December 12, 1961. After negotiations, his body was flown back to Algeria to be buried on Algerian soil. Josie Fanon, his wife, committed suicide in Algiers in 1989. A year before her death, Josie had witnessed from her balcony riots and shootings of civilians in the street below. "Oh, Frantz, the wretched of the earth again," she had sighed on a telephone, speaking to her friend Assia Djebar.

Fanon's last work, The Wretched of the Earth (1961), was called by its publisher "the handbook for the black revolution". The book was based on Fanon's experiences in Algeria during the war of independence. Using Marxist framework, Fanon explores the class conflict and questions of cultural hegemony in the creation and maintenance of a new country's national consciousness. "In guerrilla war the struggle no longer concerns the place where you are, but the places where you are going. Each fighter carries his warring country between his toes."

The Wretched of the Earth became one of the central documents of the black liberation movement. Fanon's writings also influenced such anticolonial writers as Kenya's Ngugi Wa Thiong'o, Zimbabwe's Tsitsi Dangarembga, and Senegal's Ousmane Sembène. In contrast to Mao and orthodox Leninism, Fanon did not accept the view that the Communist party leads the revolution, but he believed that the revolutionary party grows from the struggle. As a Marxist, Fanon argued that postcolonial African nations end in disaster if they simply replace their white colonial bourgeois leaders with black African bourgeoisie trained by Europeans – oppression remains under capitalistic class structure. "The national bourgeoisie will be greatly helped on its way toward decadence by the Western bourgeoisies, who come to it as tourists avid for the exotic, for big game hunting, and for casinos. The national bourgeoisie organizes centers of rest and relaxation and pleasure resorts to meet the wishes of the Western bourgeoisie. Such activity is given the mane of tourism, and for the occasion will be built up as a national industry."

For further reading: Fanon by D. Caute (1970); Colonialism and Alienation by Renate Zahar (1974); Frantz Fanon by L. Gendzier (1973); Frantz Fanon: Social and Political Thought by Emmanuel Hansen (1977); A Critique of Revolutionary Humanism: Frantz Fanon by Richard C. Onwuanibe (1983); Holy Violence by B. Marie Perinbam (1983); Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression by Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan (1985); Fanon: In Search of the African Revolution by J. Adele Jinadu (1986); Fanon and the Crisis of European Man by Lewis R. Gordon (1995); Fanon: A Critical Reader, ed. by Lewis R. Gordon (1996); Fanon's Dialectic Experience by Ato Sekyi-Otu (1997); Frantz Fanon: Conflicts and Feminisms by T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting (1997); Fanon for Beginners by Deborah Wyrick (1998); Rethinking Fanon, ed. by Nigel C. Gibson (1999); Frantz Fanon: A Life by David Macey (2000); Frantz Fanon: A Biography by David Macey (2001); Frantz Fanon: A Portrait by Alice Cherki,Nadia Benabid (2006). - Films: 1967, I dannati della terra, prod. Ager Cinematografica, dir. Valentino Orsini, with Frank Wolff, Marilù Tolo, Serique N'Daye Gonzalez, Carlo Cecchi; Frantz Fanon: Black Skin, White Mask (1996), prod. Mark Nash for the Arts Council of England, dir. Isaac Julien, with Colin Salmon (as Frantz Fanon), Halima Daoud and Noirin Ni Dubhgaill

Selected works:

• Peau noire, masques blancs, 1952
  - Black Skin, White Masks (translated by Charles Lam Markham, 1967; Richard Philcox, 2008)
• L'An Cinq, de la Révolution Algérienne, 1959
  - Studies in a Dying Colonialism (translated by Haakon Chevalier, 1965)
• Les Damnés de la Terre, 1961 (foreword by J. P. Sartre)
  - Damned (translated by Constance Farrington, 1963) / The Wretched of the Earth (US title, translated by Constance Farrington, 1963, 1965; Richard Philcox; introductions by Jean-Paul Sartre and Homi K. Bhabha, 2004)
  - Sorron yöstä (suom. Hilkka Mäki, 1970)
• Pour la révolution africaine, 1964
  - Toward the African Revolution: Political Essays (translated by Haakon Chevalier, 1967)
• Mirage: Enigmas of Race, Difference, and Desire, 1995 (edited by Ragnar Farr)