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Kobayashi Issa (1763-1827) - original name Kobayashi Nobuyki - Also called Kobayashi Yataro, born in some sources on May 5, 1763 |
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Eighteenth-century Japanese poet, who used the simple pen name Issa and who is propably the best loved of the haiku masters. Issa's life was full of misfortunes – he lost his mother at an early age, his stepmother mistreated him, he suffered from poverty, his children died, and his marriage with his second wife was unhappy. However, Issa's poems reflected the small joys of life. He used also dialect and colloquial language when depicting the life of the Shinshu peasants and everyday events. Quiet As a poet Issa was more robust and subjective compared to austere, priestly Matsuo Basho (1644-94) and worldly, sophisticated Yosa Buson (1716-83). By confessing his doubts and loneliness in highly personal haiku, Issa's poems also have given consolation to generations of readers. One of the poems in Oraga haru (The Spring of My Life), completed in 1819, is said to have been written by Issa when he was a child: "Come with me and play / Parentless sparrow". Kobayashi Issa was born Kobayashi Yatar in Kashiwabara, Shinano province (now part of Shinano Town, Nagano Prefecture), a son of a farmer. Yagobei, his father, was thirty years old and was widowed in 1765, a few years after Issa was born. He owned two acres of farmland, a hard working man burdened with heavy taxes. The two brothers of Issa's mother, named Kuni, were well educated, one was a priest and the other a poet. Until his father remarried, Issa was looked after by his grandmother, Kana, who may have spoiled him a little bit. Issa learned to read and write at the house of Rokuzaemon Nakamura, know as a poet under the pen name Shimpo and who had a flourishing wholesale business in wine. Kana died in 1776 and Issa was then sent to Edo, where he felt like being "a pitiful bird without a nest." Issa's troubles with his stepmother, named Hatsu, began when she gave birth to her own son, Senroku. Issa had to babysit his little brother, his skin wet with Senroku's urine. Issa also complained that he was beaten "a hundred times a day", every time Senroku fretted. In 1777, at the age of fourteen, he was sent by his father to Edo (Tokyo today), where he studied haiku under the master Norokuan Chikua (died 1790). Possibly Issa also worked as a clerk at a Buddhist temple. There are no reliable record of these years. After Chikua's death Issa succeeded him as a teacher. In 1790 Issa got at least nine poems published in five different books. Issa's works gained the attention Seibi Natsume, a wealthy rice merchant, who became his patron. Although his poems became more and more known, he was forced to travel and work hard until his fiftieth year. "Days and months are travelers of eternity", he later said. "So are the years that pass by." He called himself "Issa the monk" or "Issa the Beggar", had his head shaven and wore a dark robe. In 1792 he gave up the name Yataro and changed it into Issa, Haikai-ji Nyudo Issa-bo (Temple of Haiku Lay Brother Issa); Issa means One Cup of Tea. In one poem he explained: "With spring's arrival, / Yataro becomes reborn / as Issabo". His earlier names included "Kobayashi Ikyo" and "Nirokuan Kikumei." After a journey in south-western Japan, he published a collection of verse, Tabishui (1795). Issa lived at various places, including Kyoto, Osaka, Nagasaki, Matsuyama and other cities. He often also visited his home town. While in Endo he lived the life of a haikai master and taught amateur poets. In eastern haikai circles his work did not enjoy much of a reputation. During these years his spiritual guide was Basho's Narrow Road to the Interior. Yagobei died of typhoid fever in 1801, at the age of 65. The body was cremated according to the Buddhist rites and Issa collected the bones. His sorrow Issa recorded in a short journal, Chichi no shūen nikki (1801). Issa's stepmother and stepbrother challenged his father's will, but finally, after 13-year-long disputes, the property, including the house, was equally divided between Issa and his stepbrother Senroku. In the early 1810s Issa returned to Kashiwabara. At the age of fifty-one, he married a young woman, named Kiku, and was able to enjoy the position of the leader of the haiku world in northern Shinano. In Diary of the Death of My Father the poet depicts the family disputes before his father's death – he died of typhoid fever. Even though the sick man was suffering he "smiled happily at the people who offered him poison and thought ill of anyone who tried to force medicine on him." So this is where Issa was a prolific writer of both poetry and prose. He treated his subjects with humor, excelling particularly at affectionate portrayals of such creatures as fleas, frogs and sparrows. Issa's poems about animals and insects are learned by every schoolchild in Japan. He is the most popular haikai poet of the Endo period. During his lifetime Issa wrote over 20,000 haiku, hundreds of tanka, and several works of baibun. Close observations of nature and passing but meaningful personal incidents have often melancholic mood. In poems based on his own life Issa often used words of the daily conversations. Village life is not seen as idyllic, but hard, especially during the winter: "Cold cold / In the eaves / Evening cidadas and red peppers." Among Issa's other famous works is Ora ga haru (1819, tr. The Year of My Life / The Spring of My Life), a poetic diary, where he records his life and his spiritual path, sad memories, the death of his beloved daughter, Sato, but also contemplates the cycles of nature: "But this poor tree has neither the strength to put forth fruits and flowers, nor the good fortune quite to die. Existence is a continuous struggle to remain simply one foot high." The Year of My Life was written during the relatively calm period in the poet's life. However, Issa's later years were filled with sorrows, when his wife and eight children died and his property was destroyed by fire. Issa himself suffered from failing healt. Temporarily, he lost his ability to speak. Issa's new wife, Yuki, came from a local samurai family. She was 38 years old. After a few weeks of marriage, Yuki left him. In 1826 Issa married for a third time; she was a farmer's daughter, who had worked at a local inn. It was a doomed union. Issa died two years later, on November 19, 1827 in Kashiwabara (in some sources the date is January 5,1827), survived by his wife and unborn child. My grumbling wife – For further reading: Dew on the Grass: The Life and Poetry of Kobayashi Issa by Makoto Ueda (2004); Cool Melons - Turn to Frogs!: The Life and Poems of Issa by Matthew Gollub et al. (1998 - note: introductory work for chidren); The Essential Haiku: Versions of Basho, Buson, and Issa, ed. by Robert Hass (1994); Japanese Haiku: Its Essential Nature, History, and Possibilities in English, With Selected Examples by Kenneth Yasuda (1994); A History of Japanese Literature, vol. 3, by Shuichi Kato (1983); Of This World: A Poet's Life in Poetry by Richard Lewis (1965); A History of Haiku, 2 vols., by R. H. Blyth (1964); Orphan Sparrow by Lewis Mackenzie (1957); Issa: The Autumn Wind by Lewis Mackenzie (1957) - Haiku: Japan's most popular unrhymed poetic form. Haiku consist of 17 syllables arranged in three l ines containing five, seven, and five syllables, respectively. Traditionally the haiku focused on the natural world, the fleeting moment, but then it became a vehicle to express a wide range of of attitudes about almost any subject. Outstanding haiku masters: Bashõ, Buson, and Masaoka Shiki (1867-1902), who revived the traditional form. Haiku's emphasis on the immediate and concrete influenced early 20th century Imaginism in Europe and America, especially through the efforts of the American poet Ezra Pound. - Tanka: A Japanese fixed form of verse of five lines, the first and third of which have five syllables and the other seven (5-7-5-7-7). Tanka focuses on the essence of one static event, image, mood. Satakieli Levätessä (Translated into Finnish by G.J. Ramstedt, from Japanilaisia runoja, 1953. - Issan runoja on suomennettu myös antologioissa Kirsikankukkia, 1951 ja Maailman runosydän, 1998 sekä Juhani Tikkasen teoksessa Kirppuhyppy (2006). Selected works:
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