"If everyone were clothed with integrity, if every heart were just, frank, kindly, the other virtues would be well-night useless, since their chief purpose is to make us bear with patience the injustice of our fellows." (from Le Misanthrope, 1666)

Moli�re was born Jean Baptiste Poquelin in Paris. The Poquelins were an old bourgeois family, perhaps originally of Scottish origin. Moli�re's father was a prosperous upholster, the descendant of a long line of Beauvais tradesmen. Moli�re's mother died when he was ten. He studied until 1639 with Jesuits at the Coll�ge de Clermont, where he had a strict upbringing. In 1643 he abandoned his social class and family's plans for his future for the theatre. With his friend he founded the Illustre Th��tre. The company members were mostly young and inexperienced, but their aim was to compete with the established theatre companies. 

Located in the less fashionable suburb of St-Germain-des-pr�s, the Illustre Th��tre survived for nearly eighteen months, and eventually moved to the provinces. The theatre had sufficient success and it obtained the patronage of Philippe d'Orl�ans. Moli�re worked constantly, writing plays and directing. Moreover, he nearly always acted in the lead role himself. According to an actress, Mlle Poissa, Ang�lique Du Croisy, who was fifteen when Moli�re died, he was "neither too fat nor too thin; he was more tall than short, he had a noble bearing and a handsome leg; he walked slowly, gravely, with a very serious air. His nose was large, as was his mouth; he had thick lips, a dark complexion, heavy black brows, the various movements of which made his expression very comical . . . Nature . . .  had refused him those external gifts so necessary to the stage, especially for tragic roles."

After almost fifteen years experience of acting, managing, and writing, Moli�re returned to Paris. Little is know of his life in the provinces. His translation of Lucretius has been lost. In 1658 Moli�re performed before the King Louis XIV, and organized a regular theatre under the patronage of the brother of the king. After a difficult start, Moli�re's plays enjoyed popularity. Later in life Moli�re concentrated on writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted by songs and dance or a combination of both. In 1662 he married nearly twenty years younger capricious, giddy Armande B�jart, who may have been the illegitimate daughter of his former mistress,  Madeleine B�jart. Armande soon antagonized a number of his friends. The issue of her parentage has never been settled. It has been suggested that she was the daughter of Madeleine and Moli�re himself.

During his early years in Paris, among Moli�re's close friends were La Fontaine, Claude Chapelle, and Racine. Moli�re achieved fame with the prose comedy Les Pr�cieuses ridicules, first performed November 18, 1659 at the Th��tre du Petit-Bourbon. The author himself played successfully the Marquis de Mascarille, actually a disguised servant, and nearly adopted "Mascarille" as a new stage name. He soon had his own theatre, which was competing with Racine�s stage plays. 

The Shool for Wives (1662) is generally regarded as the first of Moli�re's masterpieces. It poked fun at the limited education that was given to daughters of rich families, and reflected the Moli�re's own marriage. "It's an odd job, making decent people laugh," says Dorante in La Critique de l'�cole des femmes. Moli�re was among the few contemporary writers who had maintained the connection with the folk poetry of the Middle Ages. His characters were conceived in the French classic tradition, and compared to Shakespeare's individuals. Moli�re misanthropes, servants, chambermaids, and imaginary invalids were incorporations of single passions and ideas.

"Man, I can assure you, is a nasty creature," wrote Moli�re in Tartuffe, ou L'imposteur (1664, Tartuffe, or the Impostor), which aroused the wrath of the Jansenists. The play was banned but Moli�re escaped further punishment thanks to the royal protection – Louis XIV allowed it to be staged. The title characer Tartuffe has been taken to the home of credulous Orgon. He believes with his mother Pernelle that Tartuffe's pious example will be good for the other members of the family. Orgon determines that his daughter Mariane, who loves a young man named Val�re, shall marry Tartuffe. Orgon's wife Elmire begs Tartuffe to refuse Mariane's hand, and he attempts to seduce her. Orgon rejects the truth about his guest and signs over his entire property to him. Elmire devises a way to expose the hypocrite Tartuffe to Orgon, whose eyes are opened a little too late. Tartuffe turns the family out of the house, and tries to have his former host arrested. But by the order of the King, the arresting officer apprehends Tartuffe instead, and the impostor is hauled off to prison.

When an outraged theatre-goer stood up during a performance of Sganarelle; ou, le Cocu imaginaire (1660) and declared that he was being libelled, the audience laughed knowing that they all were libelled. Although Moli�re mocked the sly peasant and the vain bourgeois, he was careful not to attack the institution of monarchy and the authority of the Church. Art had become an instrument of the government, but Louis XIV himself had not much time to think the artistic significance of his favorite, who enjoyed his protection from the attacks of the court. When the King once heard that Moli�re was the greatest writer of the century, he replied: "But I never knew that."

Although Moli�re mocked the sly peasant and the vain bourgeois, he was careful not to attack the institution of monarchy and the authority of the Church. Art had become an instrument of the government, but Louis XIV himself had not much time to think the artistic significance of his favorite, who enjoyed his protection from the attacks of the court. When the King once heard that Moli�re was the greatest writer of the century, he replied: "But I never knew that."

In 1664 Louis XIV became the godfather of Moli�re's first son Louis, who died in November. Moli�re's friend Racine wrote his play for a rival, older theatre. At this time he started to suffer from bad health, but he remained stubborn in his efforts to get his controversial plays performed. After the disastrous reception of the first three acts of Tartuffe, he wrote its fourth and fifth act. Dom Juan; ou, Le Festin de pierre, finished in 1665 and based on plays of the same title by the actor-writer Dorimont and Claude Villiers, was banned.

In February 17, 1673, Moli�re collapsed onstage during an early performance of his last play Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid), partly based on his own sad life and illness. He died ten o�clock at the same night. There having been no priest present, he was refused sanctified burial. After Moli�re's death, the theatre group Com�die Fran�aise was formed to promote his work. The publication of a plagiarized version of his play The Affected Ladies in 1659 forced Moli�re to begin publishing his own plays. As a result his works have survived fairly well, but a mass of legend has accumulated around his personality during centuries.

For further reading: The Life of Moli�re by H. Trollope (1905); Moli�re: His Life and His Work by B. Matthews (1910); La jeunesse de Moli�re by G. Michaut (1922); Moli�re by J. Palmer (1930); Moli�re: Sa vie dans ses oeuvres by P. Brisson (1942); New Light on Moli�re by J. Cairncross (1957); Moli�re: A New Criticism by W.G. Moore (1962); Men and Masks by L. Grossman (1963); Moli�re: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. by J. Guicharnaud (1964); History of French Dramatic Literature in the Seventeeth Century by Henry C. Lancaster (1966); Mol�re by A. Tilley (1968); Moli�re: Traditions in Criticism, 1900-1970 by E. Romero (1974); From Gesture to Idea by Nathan Gross (1983); The Happy End of Comedy by Zvi Jagendorf (1984); The Life of Monsieur De Moli�re by Mikhail Bulgakov and Mirra Ginsburg (1986); Moli�re by Hallam Waller (1990); Moli�re's Theatrical Bounty by Albert Bermel (1990); Moli�re: The Theory and Practice of Comedy by Andrew Calder (1993); Rereading Moli�re by James Patrick Carmody and Jim Carmody (1993); Approaches to Teaching Moliere's Tartuffe and Other Plays, ed. by James F. Gaines and Michael S. Koppisch (1995); Intruders in the Play World: The Dynamics of Gender in Moli�re's Comedies by Roxanne Decker (1996); La Carriere de Moli�re by C.E.J. Caldicott (1998); The Public Mirror: Moli�re and the Social Commerce of Depiction by Larry F. Norman (1999); Moli�re: A Theatrical Life by Virginia Scott (2000)  - See also: Isaiah Berlin - Suom.: Moli�rilta on suomennettu lukuisia muita n�ytelmi�, mm. Scapinin vehkeilyt, 1901 (suom. Jalmari Finne), Lannistettu aviomies, Oppineita naisia, V�kin�inen naiminen sek� valikoimat Komedioja 1-2.

Selected works:

• La Jalousie du barbouill�, 1645/50 (attributed to Moli�re, prod. before 1655)
  - The Jealousy of Le Barbouill� (tr. Charles Heron Wall, in The Dramatic Works of Moli�re, Vol. 1, 1876-77)
• Le M�decin volant, 1645/50
  - The Flying Doctor (tr. Charles Heron Wall, in The Dramatic Works of Moli�re, Vol. 1, 1876-77)
  - Lent�v� l��k�ri (suom. Raoul af H�llstr�m, 1963)
• Les Pr�cieuses ridicules, 1660 (prod. 1659)
  - The Affected Ladies (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moliere, 1714) / The Conceited Young Ladies (tr. Samuel Foote, 1762) / The Affected Misses (tr. Curtis H. Page, 1908) / The Affected Young Ladies (tr. Barrett H. Clark, 1913) / The Precious Damsels (tr. Morris Bishop, in Eight Plays, 1957) /  The Pretentious Young Ladies (tr. Herma Briffault, 1959) / The Ridiculous Pr�cieuses (tr. Donald M. Frame, in Tartuffe and Other Plays, 1967)
  - Sievistelev�t hupsut (suom. Otto Manninen, teoksessa Komedioja 2, 1959)
• Sganarelle; ou, le Cocu imaginaire, 1660 (prod. 1660)
  - The Imaginary Cuckold (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / The Picture (tr. 1745) / Sganarelle (tr. A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Moli�re, 1926) / Sganarelle or The Imaginary Cuckold (translated by Richard Wilbur, 1993)
• Dom Garcie de Navarre; ou, le Prince jaloux, 1661 (prod. 1660, in Oeuvres posthumes, 1684)
  - Don Garc�a of Navarre (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / Don Garcie de Navarre (tr. A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Moli�re, 1926)
  - Don Garcia Navarralainen (suom. Esko Elstel�, 1975)
• L'�cole des maris, 1661 (prod. 1661)
  - A School for Husbands (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moliere, 1714) / The School for Husbands (tr. A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Moli�re, 1926; Richard Wilbur, 1992)
• Les F�cheux, 1662 (prod. 1661)
  - The Impertinents (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / The Boors (tr. A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Moli�re, 1926)
• L'�tourdi; ou, les Contretemps, 1663 (prod. 1655?)
  - The Blunderers (tr. Samuel Foote, 1762) / The Bungler (tr. Richard Wilbur, 2000) / The Idiot (tr. Ranjin Bolt, 2001)
• Le D�pit amoureux, 1663 (prod. 1656)
  - The Amorous Quarrel (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / Lovers’ Quarrels (tr. A.R. Waller, in Works, 1926 / The Love Tiff (Frederic Spencer, 1930) / The Lover's Quarrel (tr. Richard Wilbur, 2005)
• L'Impromptu de Versailles, 1663 (prod., in Oeuvres posthumes, 1684)
  - The Impromptu of Versailles (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / The Versailles Impromptu (tr. Morris Bishop, in Eight Plays by Moli�re, 1957; Donald M. Frame, in Tartuffe and Other Plays, 1967)
  - Versailles�n impromptu (suom. Helvi Nurminen, 1965)
• L'�cole des femmes, 1663 (prod. 1662)
  -  The School for Wives (translators: Donald M. Frame, in Tartuffe and Other Plays, 1967; Richard Wilbur, 1971; Ranjit Bolt, 1994) / Let Wives Tal Tent (tr. Robert Kemp, 1983) / Educating Agnes: A New Adaptation of Moliere’s School for Wives, or, L’Ecole des femmes (adapted by Liz Lochhead, 2008)
  - Naisten koulu (suom. Otto Manninen, 1931) / Vaimojen koulu (suom. Esko Elstel�, 1975)
• La Critique de l'�cole des femmes, 1663 (prod. 1663)
  - The School for Women Criticised (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moliere, 1714) / The Critique of the School for Wives (tr. Morris Bishop, in Eight Plays by Moli�re, 1957) / The Critique of the School for Wives (tr. Donald M. Frame, in Tartuffe and Other Plays, 1967)
• Le Mariage forc�, 1664 (prod. 1664)
  - The Forced Marriage (tr. 1762)
  - V�kin�inen naiminen (suom. Aug. Ahlqvist, 1860)
• Les Plaisirs de l'Ile enchant�e, 1664 (prod. 1664)
  - The Pleasures of the Inchanted Island (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moliere, 1714)
• L'Amour m�decin, 1666 (prod. 1665)
  - The Quacks (tr. 1705) / Doctor Love (tr. 1915) / Love is the Best Doctor (tr. H. Van Laun, in The Dramatic Works of Moli�re, 1875-1876)
• Le Misanthrope; ou, l'Atrabilaire amoureux, 1667 (prod. 1666)
  - The Misanthrope (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / The Man-Hater (tr. 1770) / The Misanthrope (translators: Richard Wilbur, 1955; Joachim Neugroschel, 1966; Donald M. Frame, 1968; John Wood, 1959; Tony Harrison, 1973; Martin Crimp, 1996; Maya Slater, 2001)
  - Ihmisvihaaja (suom. Otto Manninen, 1929; Esko Elstel�, 1977; Markku Hoikkala ja Otso Kautto, 2002)
• Le M�decin malgr� lui, 1667 (prod. 1666)
  - The Dumb Lady (tr. 1672) / Love's Contrivance (tr. 1703) / The Forced Physician (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / The Mock Doctor (1732) / The Doctor in Spite of Himself (tr. Barrett H. Clark, 1915;  William-Alan Landes & S.H. Landes, 1998; Timothy Mooney, 2008) / Forced to Be a Doctor (English version by George Gravely, 1956) / A Doctor in Spite of Himself (tr. John Wood, in The Misantrophe and Other Plays, 1959)
  - L��k�ri vastoin tahtoansa (suom. Oskar Vilho, 1899) / L��k�ri vastoin tahtoaan (suom. Maija Lehtonen)
• La Pastorale Comique, 1667 (prod., music by Lully, in Th��tre, 1888-93)
  - The Comic Pastoral (tr. Henri Van Laun, in The Dramatic Works, Vol. 4, 1875-76)
• Le Sicilien ou l'Amour peintre, 1668 (prod. 1667)
  - The Sicilian (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / The Sicilian or Love the Painter (tr. John Wood, in The Misantrophe and Other Plays, 1959)
• Amphitryon, 1668 (prod. 1668)
  - Amphitryon (tr. 1690; other translations: Richard Wilbur, 1995)
  - Amphitryon (suom. Otto Manninen, 1929)
• George Dandin ou le Mari confondu, 1669 (prod. 1668)
  - George Dandin (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / George Dandin; or, The Husband Defeated (tr. 1732)
• Tartuffe; ou l'Imposteur, 1669 (prod. 1664, rev. version, prod. 1664, 1667)
  - Tartuffe (tr. Matthew Medbourne, 1670) / Tartuffe; or, The Hypocrite (tr. Henri Van Laun, in The Dramatic Works, 1875-76) / Tartuffe, or The Impostor (tr. John Wood, in The Misanthrope and Other Plays, 1959; Christopher Hampton, 1984) / Tartuffe (tr. Haskell M. Block, 1958; Richard Wilbur, 1963; Joachim Neugroschel, 1967; Donald Frame, 1967; Ranjit Bolt, 1997) / Moli�re’s Tartuffe: A Comedy in Five Scenes (adapted by Thomas Hischak, 2001) / Tartuffe: A Verse Translation, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism (verse translation by Constance Congdon; edited by Consnstance Congdon and Virginia Scott, 2009)
  - Tartuffe (suom. Otto Manninen, 1920; Esko Elstel�, 1973) / Tartuffe, eli, Teeskentelij� (suom. Arto af H�llstr�m)
• L'Avare, 1669 (prod. 1668)
  - The Miser (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714; other translations: Henri Van Laun, 1875-76; Miles Malleson, 1950; George Graveley, 1956; Wallace Fowlie, 1959; Ranjit Bolt, 1995; J.J. Mills, 2009)
  - Saituri (suom. 1907; Lauri Hirvensalo, 1946)
• Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, 1670 (prod. 1669)
  - Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / The Cornish Squire (tr. 1734) / Monsieur de Pourceaugnac (tr. A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Moli�re, 1926) 
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, 1670 (prod. 1670)
  - The Citizen Turned Gentleman (tr. 1672) / The Merchant Gentleman (tr. Margaret Baker, 1915) / The Would-Be Gentleman (tr.  A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Moli�re, 1926) / The Self-Made Gentleman (tr. George Graveley, in Six Prose Comedies, 1956) / The Middle-Class Gentleman (tr. Herma Briffault, 1957) / The Proper Gent (tr. Henry S. Taylor, 1960) / The Bourgeois Gentleman (tr. Albert Bermel, 1987; Bernard Sahlins, 2000; J. Miller, 2001; H. Baker, 2001) / The Bourgeois Gentilhomme (tr. Nick Dear, 1992)
  - Porvari aatelismiehen� (suom. Sulevi ja Otto Manninen, teoksessa Komedioja 2, 1959)
• Psych�, 1671 (with Pierre Corneille and Philippe Quinault, music by Lully, prod. 1671)
  - Psiche (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / Psyche (tr. Henri Van Laun, in The Dramatic Works, Vol. 5, 1875-76)
• Les Fourberies de Scapin, 1671 (prod. 1671; two scenes was based on Cyrano de Bergerac�s play Le P�dant Jou�, 1654)
  - The Cheats of Scapin (tr. 1677; John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / That Scoundrel Scapin (tr. John Wood, in Five Plays, 1953) / Scapin the Scamp (tr. George Gravely, in Six Prose Comedies, 1956) / Scapin (tr. Albert Bermel, in The Actors Moli�re, 4 vols., 1987) / Scapin (tr. Gerard Murphy, 1998)
  - Scapinin vehkeilyt (suom. 1910) / Scapinin kujeet (suom. Toini Havu, 1949)
• Les Femmes savantes, 1673 (prod. 1762)
  - The Female Virtuosos (tr. 1693) / Blue Stockings (tr. 1884) / The Learned Ladies (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714; other translators: Ren�e Waldinger, 1957; Richard Wilbur, 1978) / The Sisterhood (tr. R.R. Bolt, 1989)
  - Oppineita naisia (suom. Otto Manninen, 1905)
• Le Malade imaginaire, 1673-74 (prod. 1673)
  - The Hypocondriack (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / Doctor Last in His Chariot (tr. 1769) / The Imaginary Invalid (translators: Henri Van Laun, in The Dramatic Works, 1875-76; Kenneth Weston Turner, 1939; Merritt Stone, 1939; Miles Malleson, 1959; John Wood, in The Misantrophe and Other Plays, 1959; Bert Briscoe, 1967; James Magruder, in Theater, Volume 34, Number 1, 2004; James Magruder 2006) / The Hypocondriac (adapted by Roger McGough, 2009)
  - Luulosairas (suom. Arto af H�llstr�m)
• La Princesse d'�lide, 1674 (prod. 1664)
  - Pricess of Elis (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moliere, 1714)
• Œuvres, 1682 (8 vols.)
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, 1684 (prod. 1671, published in Oeuvres posthumes, 1684)
  - The Countess of Escarbagnas (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714; John Wood, in The Plays of Moli�re, 1926)
• Les Amants magnifiques, 1684 (prod. 1670, published in Oeuvres posthumes, 1684)
  - The Magnificent Lovers (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) /  The Courtly Lovers (tr. A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Moli�re, 1926)  / The Lavish Lovers: A Comedy Interspersed with Music and Ballet (translation with introduction and notes by David Edney, 2009)
• M�licerte, 1684 (prod. 1666, published in Oeuvres posthumes)
  - Melicerta (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714)
• Dom Juan; ou, le Festin de pierre, 1683 (prod. 1665)
  - Don John (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moli�re, 1714) / Don Juan (translators: George Gravely, 1956; Donald M. Frame, 1967; Christopher Hampton, 1984; Richard Wilbur, 1998)
  - Don Juan (suom. Tyyni Tuulio) / Don Juan eli Kivinen illallisvieras (suom. Esko Elstel�, 1971)
• The Works of M. de Moli�re, 1714 (6 vols., tr. John Ozell)
• The Works of Moli�re, French and English, 1739, 1748, 1755 (10 vols., tr. H. Baker and J. Miller, reprint 1929, 2 vols.)
• Œuvres, 1765, (6 vols., ed. by Voltaire)
• The Dramatic Works of Moli�re, 1875-76 (6 vols., tr. Henri van Laun)
• Œuvres compl�tes, 1873-1900 (14 vols., ed. by E. Despois and P. Mesnard)
• The Dramatic Works of Moli�re, 1876-1877 (3 vols., ed. Charles Heron Wall)
• The Affected Misses, 1908 (2 vols., tr. Curtis H. Page)
• The Kiltartan Moli�re, 1910 (tr. Lady Augusta Gregory Dublin)
• The Plays of Moli�re, 1926 (8 vols., tr. A.R. Waller)
• Comedies, 1929 (2 vols.)
• Four Moli�re Comedies, Freely Adapted for the English Stage, 1931 (tr. F. Ansley)
• Five Plays, 1953 (tr. John Wood)
• Œuvres compl�tes, 1956 (2 vols., ed. Maurice Rat, rev. by Georges Coutlin, 2 vols. 1971)
• Six Prose Comedies of Moli�re, 1956 (tr. G. Gravely)
• Eight Plays by Moli�re, 1957 (tr. Morris Bishop)
• The Misanthrope and Other Plays, 1959 (tr. John Wood)
• Œuvres compl�tes, 1962
• The Misantrope and Other Plays, 1967 (tr. D.M. Frame)
• Moli�re: Oeuvres compl�tes, 1971 (ed. by G. Couton)
• Œuvres compl�tes, 2010 (2 vols., ed.  Georges Forestier, Claude Bourqui, et al.)