French actor and playwright, the greatest
of all writers of French comedy. Among Molière's best-known dramas are L'École des femmes (1662, School for Wives), Tartuffe, ou, L'imposteur
(1664, Tartuffe, or the Impostor), Le Misanthrope (1666, The Misanthrope), L'Avare (1668, The Miser),
and Le Bourgeois gentilhomme
(1670, The Bourgeois Gentleman). His masterpieces are those plays in
which, attacking hypocrisy and vice, he created characters that have
become immortal types, such as the hypochondriac Argan, Tartuffe, the
hypocrite, Harpagon, the miser, and Alceste, the misanthrope. Like
Shakespeare, Molière was an actor-manager, but his plays were comedies
and had happy endings. "If everyone were clothed with
integrity, if every heart were just, frank, kindly, the other virtues
would be well-night useless, since their chief purpose is to make us
bear with patience the injustice of our fellows." (from Le Misanthrope, 1666)
Molière was born Jean Baptiste Poquelin in Paris. The Poquelins were
an old bourgeois family, perhaps originally of Scottish origin.
Molière's father was a prosperous upholster, the descendant of a long
line of Beauvais tradesmen. Molière's mother died when he was ten. He
studied until 1639 with Jesuits at the Collège de Clermont, where he
had a strict upbringing. In 1643 he abandoned his social class and
family's plans for his future for the theatre. With his friend he
founded the Illustre Théâtre. The company members were mostly young and
inexperienced, but their aim was to compete with the established
theatre companies. Located in the less fashionable suburb
of St-Germain-des-près, the Illustre Théâtre survived for nearly
eighteen months, and eventually moved to the provinces. The theatre had
sufficient success and it obtained the patronage of Philippe d'Orléans.
Molière worked constantly, writing plays and directing. Moreover, he
nearly always acted in the lead role himself. According to an actress,
Mlle Poissa, Angélique Du Croisy, who was fifteen when Molière died, he
was "neither too fat nor too thin; he was more tall than short, he had
a noble bearing and a handsome leg; he walked slowly, gravely, with a
very serious air. His nose was large, as was his mouth; he had thick
lips, a dark complexion, heavy black brows, the various movements of
which made his expression very comical . . . Nature . . . had
refused him those external gifts so necessary to the stage, especially
for tragic roles." After almost fifteen years experience of
acting, managing, and writing, Molière returned to Paris. Little is
know of his life in the provinces. His translation of Lucretius has
been lost. In 1658 Molière performed before the King Louis XIV, and
organized a regular theatre under the patronage of the brother of the
king. After a difficult start, Molière's plays enjoyed popularity.
Later in life Molière concentrated on writing musical comedies, in
which the drama is interrupted by songs and dance or a combination of
both. In 1662 he married nearly twenty years younger capricious, giddy
Armande Béjart, who may have been the illegitimate daughter of his
former mistress, Madeleine Béjart. Armande soon antagonized a
number of his friends. The issue of her parentage has never been
settled. It has been suggested that she was the daughter of Madeleine
and Molière himself.
During his early years in Paris, among Molière's close friends were
La Fontaine, Claude Chapelle, and Racine. Molière achieved fame with
the prose comedy Les Précieuses ridicules,
first performed November 18, 1659 at the Théâtre du Petit-Bourbon. The
author himself played successfully the Marquis de Mascarille, actually
a disguised servant, and nearly adopted "Mascarille" as a new stage
name. He soon had his own theatre, which was competing with Racine´s stage plays.
The Shool for Wives (1662) is generally regarded as the
first of Molière's masterpieces. It poked fun at the limited education
that was given to daughters of rich families, and reflected the
Molière's own marriage. "It's an odd job, making decent people laugh,"
says Dorante in La Critique de l'école des femmes. Moliére was
among the few contemporary writers who had maintained the connection
with the folk poetry of the Middle Ages. His characters were conceived
in the French classic tradition, and compared to Shakespeare's
individuals. Molière misanthropes, servants, chambermaids, and
imaginary invalids were incorporations of single passions and ideas. "Man, I can assure you, is a nasty creature," wrote Molière in Tartuffe, ou L'imposteur (1664,
Tartuffe, or the Impostor), which aroused the wrath of the Jansenists.
The play was banned but Molière escaped further punishment thanks to
the royal protection – Louis XIV allowed it to be staged. The title
characer Tartuffe has been taken to the home of credulous Orgon. He
believes with his mother Pernelle that Tartuffe's pious example will be
good for the other members of the family. Orgon determines that his
daughter Mariane, who loves a young man named Valère, shall marry
Tartuffe. Orgon's wife Elmire begs Tartuffe to refuse Mariane's hand,
and he attempts to seduce her. Orgon rejects the truth about his guest
and signs over his entire property to him. Elmire devises a way to
expose the hypocrite Tartuffe to Orgon, whose eyes are opened a little
too late. Tartuffe turns the family out of the house, and tries to have
his former host arrested. But by the order of the King, the arresting
officer apprehends Tartuffe instead, and the impostor is hauled off to
prison.
When an outraged theatre-goer stood up during a performance of Sganarelle; ou, le Cocu imaginaire (1660)
and declared that he was being libelled, the audience laughed knowing
that they all were libelled. Although Moliére mocked the sly peasant
and the vain bourgeois, he was careful not to attack the institution of
monarchy and the authority of the Church. Art had become an instrument
of the government, but Louis XIV himself had not much time to think the
artistic significance of his favorite, who enjoyed his protection from
the attacks of the court. When the King once heard that Molière was the
greatest writer of the century, he replied: "But I never knew that." Although
Moliére mocked the sly peasant and the vain bourgeois, he was careful
not to attack the institution of monarchy and the authority of the
Church. Art had become an instrument of the government, but Louis XIV
himself had not much time to think the artistic significance of his
favorite, who enjoyed his protection from the attacks of the court.
When the King once heard that Molière was the greatest writer of the
century, he replied: "But I never knew that." In 1664 Louis XIV
became the godfather of Molière's first son Louis, who died in
November. Molière's friend Racine wrote his play for a rival, older
theatre. At this time he started to suffer from bad health,
but he remained stubborn in his efforts to get his controversial plays
performed. After the disastrous reception of the first three acts of Tartuffe, he wrote its fourth and fifth act. Dom Juan; ou, Le Festin de pierre, finished in 1665 and based on plays of the same title by the actor-writer Dorimont and Claude Villiers, was banned. In February 17, 1673, Molière collapsed onstage during an early performance of his last
play Le Malade imaginaire (The Imaginary Invalid),
partly based on his own sad life and illness. He died ten o´clock at
the same night. There having been no priest present, he was refused
sanctified burial. After Molière's death, the theatre group Comédie
Française was formed to promote his work. The publication of a
plagiarized version of his play The Affected Ladies in 1659
forced Molière to begin publishing his own plays. As a result his works
have survived fairly well, but a mass of legend has accumulated around
his personality during centuries.
For further reading: The Life of Molière by H. Trollope (1905); Molière: His Life and His Work by B. Matthews (1910); La jeunesse de Molière by G. Michaut (1922); Molière by J. Palmer (1930); Molière: Sa vie dans ses oeuvres by P. Brisson (1942); New Light on Molière by J. Cairncross (1957); Molière: A New Criticism by W.G. Moore (1962); Men and Masks by L. Grossman (1963); Molière: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. by J. Guicharnaud (1964); History of French Dramatic Literature in the Seventeeth Century by Henry C. Lancaster (1966); Molère by A. Tilley (1968); Molière: Traditions in Criticism, 1900-1970 by E. Romero (1974); From Gesture to Idea by Nathan Gross (1983); The Happy End of Comedy by Zvi Jagendorf (1984); The Life of Monsieur De Molière by Mikhail Bulgakov and Mirra Ginsburg (1986); Molière by Hallam Waller (1990); Molière's Theatrical Bounty by Albert Bermel (1990); Molière: The Theory and Practice of Comedy by Andrew Calder (1993); Rereading Molière by James Patrick Carmody and Jim Carmody (1993); Approaches to Teaching Moliere's Tartuffe and Other Plays, ed. by James F. Gaines and Michael S. Koppisch (1995); Intruders in the Play World: The Dynamics of Gender in Molière's Comedies by Roxanne Decker (1996); La Carriere de Molière by C.E.J. Caldicott (1998); The Public Mirror: Molière and the Social Commerce of Depiction by Larry F. Norman (1999); Molière: A Theatrical Life by Virginia Scott (2000) - See also: Isaiah Berlin - Suom.: Moliérilta on suomennettu lukuisia muita näytelmiä,
mm. Scapinin vehkeilyt, 1901 (suom. Jalmari
Finne), Lannistettu aviomies, Oppineita naisia, Väkinäinen
naiminen sekä valikoimat Komedioja 1-2.
Selected works:
- La Jalousie du barbouillé, 1645/50 (attributed to Molière, prod. before 1655)
- The Jealousy of Le Barbouillé (tr. Charles Heron Wall, in The Dramatic Works of Molière, Vol. 1, 1876-77)
- Le Médecin volant, 1645/50
- The Flying Doctor (tr. Charles Heron Wall, in The Dramatic Works of Molière, Vol. 1, 1876-77) - Lentävä lääkäri (suom. Raoul af Hällström, 1963)
- Les Précieuses ridicules, 1660 (prod. 1659)
- The Affected
Ladies (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moliere, 1714) /
The Conceited Young Ladies (tr. Samuel Foote, 1762) / The Affected
Misses (tr. Curtis H. Page, 1908) / The Affected Young Ladies (tr.
Barrett H. Clark, 1913) / The Precious Damsels (tr. Morris Bishop, in
Eight Plays, 1957) / The Pretentious Young Ladies (tr. Herma
Briffault, 1959) / The Ridiculous Précieuses (tr. Donald M. Frame, in
Tartuffe and Other Plays, 1967) - Sievistelevät hupsut (suom. Otto Manninen, teoksessa Komedioja 2, 1959)
- Sganarelle; ou, le Cocu imaginaire, 1660 (prod. 1660)
- The
Imaginary Cuckold (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière,
1714) / The Picture (tr. 1745) / Sganarelle (tr. A.R. Waller, in The
Plays of Molière, 1926) / Sganarelle or The Imaginary Cuckold
(translated by Richard Wilbur, 1993) - Dom Garcie de Navarre; ou, le Prince jaloux, 1661 (prod. 1660, in Oeuvres posthumes, 1684)
-
Don García of Navarre (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de
Molière, 1714) / Don Garcie de Navarre (tr. A.R. Waller, in The Plays
of Molière, 1926) - Don Garcia Navarralainen (suom. Esko Elstelä, 1975)
- L'École des maris, 1661 (prod. 1661)
- A School for
Husbands (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moliere, 1714) /
The School for Husbands (tr. A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Molière,
1926; Richard Wilbur, 1992) - Les Fâcheux, 1662 (prod. 1661)
- The Impertinents (tr.
John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière, 1714) / The Boors (tr.
A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Molière, 1926) - L'Étourdi; ou, les Contretemps, 1663 (prod. 1655?)
- The Blunderers (tr. Samuel Foote, 1762) / The Bungler (tr. Richard Wilbur, 2000) / The Idiot (tr. Ranjin Bolt, 2001)
- Le Dépit amoureux, 1663 (prod. 1656)
- The Amorous Quarrel
(tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière, 1714) / Lovers’
Quarrels (tr. A.R. Waller, in Works, 1926 / The Love Tiff (Frederic
Spencer, 1930) / The Lover's Quarrel (tr. Richard Wilbur, 2005) - L'Impromptu de Versailles, 1663 (prod., in Oeuvres posthumes, 1684)
-
The Impromptu of Versailles (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur
de Molière, 1714) / The Versailles Impromptu (tr. Morris Bishop, in
Eight Plays by Molière, 1957; Donald M. Frame, in Tartuffe and Other
Plays, 1967) - Versailles´n impromptu (suom. Helvi Nurminen, 1965)
- L'École des femmes, 1663 (prod. 1662)
- The
School for Wives (translators: Donald M. Frame, in Tartuffe and Other
Plays, 1967; Richard Wilbur, 1971; Ranjit Bolt, 1994) / Let Wives Tal
Tent (tr. Robert Kemp, 1983) / Educating Agnes: A New Adaptation
of Moliere’s School for Wives, or, L’Ecole des femmes (adapted
by Liz Lochhead, 2008) - Naisten koulu (suom. Otto Manninen, 1931) / Vaimojen koulu (suom. Esko Elstelä, 1975)
- La Critique de l'école des femmes, 1663 (prod. 1663)
- The
School for Women Criticised (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur
de Moliere, 1714) / The Critique of the School for Wives (tr. Morris
Bishop, in Eight Plays by Molière, 1957) / The Critique of the School
for Wives (tr. Donald M. Frame, in Tartuffe and Other Plays, 1967) - Le Mariage forcé, 1664 (prod. 1664)
- The Forced Marriage (tr. 1762) - Väkinäinen naiminen (suom. Aug. Ahlqvist, 1860)
- Les Plaisirs de l'Ile enchantée, 1664 (prod. 1664)
- The Pleasures of the Inchanted Island (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moliere, 1714)
- L'Amour médecin, 1666 (prod. 1665)
- The Quacks (tr. 1705)
/ Doctor Love (tr. 1915) / Love is the Best Doctor (tr. H. Van Laun, in
The Dramatic Works of Molière, 1875-1876) - Le Misanthrope; ou, l'Atrabilaire amoureux, 1667 (prod. 1666)
-
The Misanthrope (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière,
1714) / The Man-Hater (tr. 1770) / The Misanthrope (translators:
Richard Wilbur, 1955; Joachim Neugroschel, 1966; Donald M. Frame, 1968;
John Wood, 1959; Tony Harrison, 1973; Martin Crimp, 1996; Maya Slater,
2001) - Ihmisvihaaja (suom. Otto
Manninen, 1929; Esko Elstelä, 1977; Markku Hoikkala ja Otso Kautto, 2002)
- Le Médecin malgré lui, 1667 (prod. 1666)
- The Dumb Lady
(tr. 1672) / Love's Contrivance (tr. 1703) / The Forced Physician (tr.
John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière, 1714) / The Mock
Doctor (1732) / The Doctor in Spite of Himself (tr. Barrett H. Clark,
1915; William-Alan Landes & S.H. Landes, 1998; Timothy
Mooney, 2008) / Forced to Be a Doctor (English version by George
Gravely, 1956) / A Doctor in Spite of Himself (tr. John Wood, in
The Misantrophe and Other Plays, 1959) - Lääkäri vastoin tahtoansa (suom. Oskar Vilho, 1899) / Lääkäri vastoin tahtoaan (suom. Maija Lehtonen)
- La Pastorale Comique, 1667 (prod., music by Lully, in Théâtre, 1888-93)
- The Comic Pastoral (tr. Henri Van Laun, in The Dramatic Works, Vol. 4, 1875-76)
- Le Sicilien ou l'Amour peintre, 1668 (prod. 1667)
-
The Sicilian (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière,
1714) / The Sicilian or Love the Painter (tr. John Wood, in The
Misantrophe and Other Plays, 1959) - Amphitryon, 1668 (prod. 1668)
- Amphitryon (tr. 1690; other translations: Richard Wilbur, 1995) - Amphitryon (suom. Otto Manninen, 1929)
- George Dandin ou le Mari confondu, 1669 (prod. 1668)
-
George Dandin (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière,
1714) / George Dandin; or, The Husband Defeated (tr. 1732) - Tartuffe; ou l'Imposteur, 1669 (prod. 1664, rev. version, prod. 1664, 1667)
-
Tartuffe (tr. Matthew Medbourne, 1670) / Tartuffe; or, The Hypocrite
(tr. Henri Van Laun, in The Dramatic Works, 1875-76) / Tartuffe, or The
Impostor (tr. John Wood, in The Misanthrope and Other Plays,
1959; Christopher Hampton, 1984) / Tartuffe (tr. Haskell M. Block,
1958; Richard Wilbur, 1963; Joachim Neugroschel, 1967; Donald Frame,
1967; Ranjit Bolt, 1997) / Molière’s Tartuffe: A Comedy in Five
Scenes (adapted by Thomas Hischak, 2001) / Tartuffe: A Verse
Translation, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism (verse translation by
Constance Congdon; edited by Consnstance Congdon and Virginia Scott,
2009) - Tartuffe (suom. Otto Manninen, 1920; Esko Elstelä, 1973) / Tartuffe, eli, Teeskentelijä (suom. Arto af Hällström)
- L'Avare, 1669 (prod. 1668)
- The Miser (tr. John Ozell, in
The Works of Monsieur de Molière, 1714; other translations: Henri Van
Laun, 1875-76; Miles Malleson, 1950; George Graveley, 1956; Wallace
Fowlie, 1959; Ranjit Bolt, 1995; J.J. Mills, 2009) - Saituri (suom. 1907; Lauri Hirvensalo, 1946)
- Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, 1670 (prod. 1669)
- Monsieur de
Pourceaugnac (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière,
1714) / The Cornish Squire (tr. 1734) / Monsieur de
Pourceaugnac (tr. A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Molière,
1926) - Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, 1670 (prod. 1670)
- The
Citizen Turned Gentleman (tr. 1672) / The Merchant Gentleman
(tr. Margaret Baker, 1915) / The Would-Be Gentleman (tr.
A.R. Waller, in The Plays of Molière, 1926) / The Self-Made
Gentleman (tr. George Graveley, in Six Prose Comedies, 1956)
/ The Middle-Class Gentleman (tr. Herma Briffault, 1957) / The
Proper Gent (tr. Henry S. Taylor, 1960) / The Bourgeois Gentleman (tr.
Albert Bermel, 1987; Bernard Sahlins, 2000; J. Miller, 2001; H. Baker,
2001) / The Bourgeois Gentilhomme (tr. Nick Dear, 1992) - Porvari aatelismiehenä (suom. Sulevi ja Otto Manninen, teoksessa Komedioja 2, 1959)
- Psyché, 1671 (with Pierre Corneille and Philippe Quinault, music by Lully, prod. 1671)
-
Psiche (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière, 1714) /
Psyche (tr. Henri Van Laun, in The Dramatic Works, Vol. 5, 1875-76) - Les Fourberies de Scapin, 1671 (prod. 1671; two scenes was based on Cyrano de Bergerac´s play Le Pédant Joué, 1654)
-
The Cheats of Scapin (tr. 1677; John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de
Molière, 1714) / That Scoundrel Scapin (tr. John Wood, in Five
Plays, 1953) / Scapin the Scamp (tr. George Gravely, in Six Prose
Comedies, 1956) / Scapin (tr. Albert Bermel, in The Actors Molière, 4
vols., 1987) / Scapin (tr. Gerard Murphy, 1998) - Scapinin vehkeilyt (suom. 1910) / Scapinin kujeet (suom. Toini Havu, 1949)
- Les Femmes savantes, 1673 (prod. 1762)
- The Female
Virtuosos (tr. 1693) / Blue Stockings (tr. 1884) / The Learned Ladies
(tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière, 1714; other
translators: Renée Waldinger, 1957; Richard Wilbur, 1978) / The
Sisterhood (tr. R.R. Bolt, 1989) - Oppineita naisia (suom. Otto Manninen, 1905)
- Le Malade imaginaire, 1673-74 (prod. 1673)
- The
Hypocondriack (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière,
1714) / Doctor Last in His Chariot (tr. 1769) / The Imaginary Invalid
(translators: Henri Van Laun, in The Dramatic Works, 1875-76; Kenneth
Weston Turner, 1939; Merritt Stone, 1939; Miles Malleson, 1959; John
Wood, in The Misantrophe and Other Plays, 1959; Bert Briscoe, 1967;
James Magruder, in Theater, Volume 34, Number 1, 2004; James Magruder
2006) / The Hypocondriac (adapted by Roger McGough, 2009) - Luulosairas (suom. Arto af Hällström)
- La Princesse d'Élide, 1674 (prod. 1664)
- Pricess of Elis (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Moliere, 1714)
- Œuvres, 1682 (8 vols.)
- La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, 1684 (prod. 1671, published in Oeuvres posthumes, 1684)
-
The Countess of Escarbagnas (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur
de Molière, 1714; John Wood, in The Plays of Molière, 1926) - Les Amants magnifiques, 1684 (prod. 1670, published in Oeuvres posthumes, 1684)
-
The Magnificent Lovers (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de
Molière, 1714) / The Courtly Lovers (tr. A.R. Waller, in The
Plays of Molière, 1926) / The Lavish Lovers: A Comedy
Interspersed with Music and Ballet (translation with introduction
and notes by David Edney, 2009) - Mélicerte, 1684 (prod. 1666, published in Oeuvres posthumes)
- Melicerta (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière, 1714)
- Dom Juan; ou, le Festin de pierre, 1683 (prod. 1665)
-
Don John (tr. John Ozell, in The Works of Monsieur de Molière, 1714) /
Don Juan (translators: George Gravely, 1956; Donald M. Frame, 1967;
Christopher Hampton, 1984; Richard Wilbur, 1998) - Don Juan (suom. Tyyni Tuulio) / Don Juan eli Kivinen illallisvieras (suom. Esko Elstelä, 1971)
- The Works of M. de Molière, 1714 (6 vols., tr. John Ozell)
- The Works of Molière, French and English, 1739, 1748, 1755 (10 vols., tr. H. Baker and J. Miller, reprint 1929, 2 vols.)
- Œuvres, 1765, (6 vols., ed. by Voltaire)
- The Dramatic Works of Molière, 1875-76 (6 vols., tr. Henri van Laun)
- Œuvres complètes, 1873-1900 (14 vols., ed. by E. Despois and P. Mesnard)
- The Dramatic Works of Molière, 1876-1877 (3 vols., ed. Charles Heron Wall)
- The Affected Misses, 1908 (2 vols., tr. Curtis H. Page)
- The Kiltartan Molière, 1910 (tr. Lady Augusta Gregory Dublin)
- The Plays of Molière, 1926 (8 vols., tr. A.R. Waller)
- Comedies, 1929 (2 vols.)
- Four Molière Comedies, Freely Adapted for the English Stage, 1931 (tr. F. Ansley)
- Five Plays, 1953 (tr. John Wood)
- Œuvres complètes, 1956 (2 vols., ed. Maurice Rat, rev. by Georges Coutlin, 2 vols. 1971)
- Six Prose Comedies of Molière, 1956 (tr. G. Gravely)
- Eight Plays by Molière, 1957 (tr. Morris Bishop)
- The Misanthrope and Other Plays, 1959 (tr. John Wood)
- Œuvres complètes, 1962
- The Misantrope and Other Plays, 1967 (tr. D.M. Frame)
- Molière: Oeuvres complètes, 1971 (ed. by G. Couton)
- Œuvres complètes, 2010 (2 vols., ed. Georges Forestier, Claude Bourqui, et al.)
Some rights reserved Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen. Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto 2008
|