This Chilean poet, and diplomat, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971. His original name was Neftali Ricardo Reyes Basoalto, but he used the pen name Pablo Neruda for over 20 years before adopting it legally in 1946. Neruda is the most widely read of the Spanish American poets. From the 1940s on, his works reflected the political struggle of the left and the socio-historical developments in South America. He also wrote love poems. Neruda's Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair (1924) have sold over a million copies since it first appeared.

"Sucede que me canso de ser hombre.
Sucede que entro es las sasterías y en los cines
marchito, impenetrable, como un cisne de fieltro
navegando en un agua de origen y ceniza."
(in 'Walking Around')

(I happen to be tired of being a man
I happen to enter tailor shops and movie houses
withered, impenetrable, like a felt swan
navigating in a water of sources and ashes.)

Pablo Neruda was born Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto in Parral, a small town in central Chile. His father, don José del Carmen Reyes Morales, was a poor railway worker. Rosa Basoalto de Reyes, Nerusa's mother, was a schoolteacher, who died of tuberculosis when Neruda was an infant. Don José Carmen moved with his sons in 1906 to Temuco, and married Trinidad Candia Marvedre. Neruda started to write poetry when he was ten years old. At the age of 12 he met the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral, who encouraged his literary efforts. The American poet Walt Whitman, whose framed portrait Neruda later kept on his table, become a major influence on his work. "I, a poet who writes in Spanish, learned more from Walt Whitman than from Cervantes," Neruda said in 1972 in a speech during a visit in the United States.

Neruda's first serious literary achievement, an article, appeared in the magazine La Manana (1917). It was followed by the poem, 'Mis ojos', which appeared in Corre-Vuela. (1918). To avoid conflict with his family, who disapproved his literary ambitions, he published poems in the magazine Selva Austral, using the pen name Pablo Neruda. From 1921 he studied French at the Instituto Pedagógico in Santiago. Neruda gained international fame as an writer with Veinte poemas de amor y una canciòn desesperada (1924), which is his most widely read work.

At the age of only 23 Neruda was appointed by the Chilean government as consul to Burma (now Myanmar). He held diplomatic posts in various East Asian and European Countries, befriending among others the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca. Neruda continued to contribute to several literary and other magazines, among them La Nación, El Sol, and Revista de Occidente. He also started to edit in 1935 a literary publication, Caballo Verde para la Poesía.

"We did meet forty years ago. At that time we were both influenced by Whitman and I said, jokingly in part, 'I don't think anything can be done in Spanish, do you?' Neruda agreed, but we decided it was too late for us to write our verse in English. We'd have to make the best of a second-rate literature." (in Jorge Luis Borges: Conversations, ed.  Richard Burgin, 1998)

After Neruda ended his affair with the possessive and violently jealous Josie Bliss, he married in 1930 María Antonieta Hagenaar, a Dutch woman who couldn't speak Spanish; they separated in 1936. At that time Neruda lived in Paris, where he published with Nancy Cunard the journal Los Poetas del Mundo Defiende al Pueblo Español. Nancy Cunard was the sole inheritor of the famous Cunard shipping company, who later followed Neruda to Chile with a bullfighter. Her mother disinherited her when she escaped from high society with a black musician. In the 1930s and 1940s Neruda lived with the Argentine painter Delia del Carril, who encouraged Neruda to participate in politics. Neruda and Delia del Carril married in 1943, but the marriage was not recognized in Chile; they separated in 1955. Neruda married in 1966 the Chilean singer Matilde Urrutia. She was the inspiration of much of Neruda's later poetry, among others One Hundred Love Sonnets (1960).

Neruda's first volume of Residencia en la tierra (1933) was a visionary work, written in the Far East but emerging from the birth of European fascism. During his Marxist period, Neruda rejected the Residencia (1933, 1935, 1947) cycle, but in 1960 he urged to include poems from it to an anthology of his verse. In 1935-36 he was in Spain but he resigned from his post because he sided with the Spanish Republicans. After the leftist candidate don Pedro Aguirre Cerda won the presidental election, Neruda again was appointed consul, this time to Paris, where he helped Spanish refugees by re-settling them in Chile.

In 1942 Neruda visited Cuba and read for the first time his poem, 'Canto de amor para Stalingrado', which praised the Red Army fighting in Stalingrad. His daughter, Malva Marina, died in the same year in Europe. Neruda joined the Communist Party, and in 1945 he was elected to the Chilean Senate. He attacked President González Videla in print and when the government was taken by right-wing extremists, he fled to Mexico. He travelled to the Soviet Union, where he was warmly received, and in other Eastern European countries. He met Ilya Ehrenburg, whose home was full of works by Picasso, and the Turkish poet Nazim Hikmet, who lived in exile in Moscow. The Soviet Union was for Neruda a country, where libraries, universities, and theatres were open for all. Neruda was especially impressed by the vastness of Russia, its birch forests, and rivers. He referred to dogmatism in the Soviet art, but optimistically believed that these tendencies had been condemned. Neruda's colleagues also read him Boris Pasternak's poems but they did not forget to mention that Pasternak was considered as a political reactionary.

Canto general  (1950), which  Neruda produced in exile, is a monumental work of 340 poems. "Come up with me, American love. / Kiss these secret stones with me. / The torrential silver of the Urubamba / makes the pollen fly to its golden cup. The hollow of the bindweed's maze, the petrified plant, the inflexible garland, soar above the silence of these mountain coffers." (From 'The Heights of Macchu Picchu'.) Neruda examined Latin American history from a Marxist point of view, and showed his deep knowledge about the history, geography and politics of the continent. The central theme is the struggle for social justice. Canto general includes Neruda's famous poem 'Alturas de Macchu Picchu', which was born after he visited the Incan ruins of Macchu Picchu in 1943. In it Neruda aspires to become the voice of the dead people who once lived in the city.

"I want to know, salt of the roads,
show me the spoon - architecture, let me
scratch at the stamens of stone with a little stick,
ascend the rungs of the air up to the void,
scrape the innards until I touch mankind."
(in 'The Heights of Macchu Picchu')

While in exile, Neruda travelled in Italy, where he lived for a while. After the victory of the anti-Videla forces and the order to arrest leftist was rescinded, Neruda returned to Chile. During a visit to Buenos Aires in 1957 Neruda was arrested and he spent a restless night in jail. Just before he was released, a policeman gave him a poem, devoted to the famous author. Neruda was awarded in 1953 the Stalin Prize. He remained faithful to "el partido" when a number of intellectuals had already rejected Moscow's leash; poetry was not for Neruda simply an expression of emotions and personality, it was "a deep inner calling in man; from it came liturgy, the psalms, and also the content of religions." (from Memoirs, 1974). However, Neruda's faith was deeply shaken in 1956 by Khrushchev's revelation at the Twentieth Party Congress of the crimes committed during the Stalin regime. Neruda's collection Estravagario (1958), in which he turned to his youth, reflects this change in his opinions. He presents the reader with his daily life and examines critically his Marxist beliefs.

Establishing a permanent home on the Isla Negra, Neruda continued to travel extensively, visiting Cuba in 1960 and the United States in 1966. After Salvador Allende was elected president, Neruda was appointed Chile's ambassador to France (1970-72). Neruda died of leukemia in Santiago on 23 September, 1973, in Santa Maria Clinic, where he was treated for prostate cancer. His illness was probably accelerated by the murder of Allende and tragedies caused by Pinochet coup. The poet's former driver claimed that Pinochet's agents injected poison into Neruda's stomach. A new investigation into his death was opened in 2011. The Neruda Foundation has rejected the murder theory. In February 2013 the Chilean judge Mario Carroza ordered Neruda's remains exhumed as part of an investigation into the poet's death.  Neruda was buried next to his wife Matilde Urrutia in Isla Negra. He was exhumed in April 2013. According to the head of Chile's medical legal service, his body was in good shape.

After Neruda's death his homes in Valparaiso and Santiago were robbed. During his long literary career, Neruda produced more than forty volumes of poetry, translations, and verse drama. Neruda is recognized to be among the major poets of the 20th century. Positive criticism have not managed to soften the edges of his vision.

"He was once referred as the Picasso of poetry, alluding to his protean ability to be always in the vanguard of change. And he himself has often alluded to his personal struggle with his own tradition, to his constant need to search for a new system in each book." (Rene de Costa, in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, 1979)

For further reading: Pablo Neruda by Raúl Silva Castro (1964); El viajero immóvil by Emir Rodríguez Monegal (1966); The Word and the Stone by Frank Reiss (1972); Pablo Neruda by Salvatore Bizzaro (1979); The Poetry of Pablo Neruda by René de Costa (1979); Pablo Neruda by Marjorie Agosín (1986); The Late Poetry of Neruda by Christopher Perriam (1989); Pablo Neruda by Luis Poirot (1990); Neruda: An Intimate Biography by Volodia Teitelboim (1991); Poet-Chief: The Native American Poetics of Walt Whitman and Pablo Neruda by James Nolan (1994); Pablo Neruda and the U.S. Culture Industry, ed.  Teresa Longo (2001); Pablo Neruda: A Biography by Adam Feinstein (2004) - Suom.: Runovalikoimat Runoja, Andien mainingit, Meren ja yön portit, Valitut runot. Loki julkaisi 1999 Nerudan Kysymysten kirjan, pelkistä kysymyksistä koostuvan runoteoksen. "Miksi sateenvarjojen kongressit aina pidetän Lontoossa?"

Selected works:

• Crepuscolario, 1923
  - Book of Twilight (translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003)
• Páginas escogidas de Anatole France, 1924 (editor and translator)
• Veinte poemas de amor y una canciòn desesperada, 1924
  - Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair (tr. W.S. Merwin, 1969; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003) / 'Body of a Woman,' 'Ah Vastness of Pines,' 'Leaning into the Afternoons'  (in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan, et al., 1990) / Love: Ten Poems (tr.  Stephen Tapscott et al., 1995) / 'Body of a woman,' 'Leaning into the Evenings,' 'I Like You When You're Quiet' (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
• Residencia en la tierra, 1925-31, 1933
  - Residence on Earth (translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003) / 'Dead Gallop,'  'Oneness,' 'Ars Poetica,' 'System of Gloom,' 'The Phantom of the Cargo Ship,' 'It Means Shadows'...  (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
• Tentativa del hombre infinito, 1926
• Anillos, 1926
• El habitante y su esperanza, 1926
• El hondero entusiasta, 1933
• Residencia en la tierra, 1925-1935, 1935 (2 vols.)
  -  Residence on Earth (tr. Ángel Flores, 1946; Donald D. Walsh, 1973; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003) / 'Sonata,' 'Dream Horses,' 'Weak With the Dawn'... (in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan et al., 1990) 
• España en el corazòn, 1937 (Espagne au coeur, foreword by Luis Aragon)
  - Spain in Our Hearts=España en el corazón (translated by Donald D. Walsh, 2005)
• Las furias y las penas, 1939
• Neruda entre nosotros, 1939
• 'Un canto para Bolívar', 1941
• 'Canto de amor para Stalingrado', 1942
• 'Nuevo canto de amor a Stalingrado', 1943
• Cantos de Pablo Neruda, 1943
• Pablo Neruda: Sus mejores versos, 1943
• Seleccíon, 1943 (ed.  Arturo Aldunante Phillips)
•  Alturas de Macchu Picchu, 1943
  - Translating Neruda: The Way to Macchu Picchu (translated by John Felstiner, 1980) / The Heights of Macchu Picchu (translated by David Young, 1986) 
• Selected Poems, 1944 (translated by Angel Flores)
• Saludo al Norte y Stalingrado, 1945
• Cuatro discursos, 1945 (with others)
• Tercera residencia, 1947
  - 'Sonata,' 'Waltz,' 'Brussels,'  'Being Born in the Woods'... (in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan et al., 1990)  / 'I Explain Some Things' (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
• Residencia en la tierra, 1947
  -  Residence on Earth (in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003)
• Dulce patria, 1949
• Canto general, 1950
  - The Heights of Macchu Picchu (translated in part by Nathaniel Tarn, 1966) / Poems from Canto General (tr. Ben Belitt, 1968) / 'Love, America (1400),' 'Some Beasts,' 'Entrance of the Rivers'...  (in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan et al., 1990) / Canto General (tr. Jack Schmitt, 1991; in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003) / 'The Heights of Macchu Picchu,' 'From air to air,' 'Powerful death,' 'And then on the ladder,' 'Climb up with me'... (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
• Los versos del capitán, 1952
  - The Captain's Verses (tr. Donald D. Walsh, 1972; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003) / 'The Potter' (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
  - Kapteenin laulut (suom. Jyrki Lappi-Seppälä, 2008)
• Todo el amor, 1953
• Poesía política, 1953 (2 vols.)
• Le chant général, 1954 (ill. by Fernand Léger)
• Pablo Neruda, choix de poèmes, 1954 (edited and translated by Jean Marcenac)
• Tout l'amour, 1954 (ed. Pierre Segners)
• Las uvas y el viento, 1954
• Odas elementales I-III, 1954-57 - Elementary Odes (selected and translated by Carlos Lozano, 1961) / 'Ode to a Fallen Chestnut,' 'Ode to the Book (I),' 'Birdwatching Ode' (in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan et al., 1990)  / Elemental Odes (tr. Margaret Sayers Peden, 1990; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003) / 'Ode to a Chestnut On the Ground,' 'Ode to the Book (II),' 'Ode to a Watch In the Night,' 'Ode to Wine' (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
• Nuevas odas elementales, 1956
  - 'Ode to a Beautiful Nude'  (translations in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan et al., 1990)
• Tercer libro de las odas, 1957
• Obras completas, 1957
• Estravagario, 1958
  - Extravagaria (tr. Alastair Reid, 1972; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003) / 'And How Long?' 'Fable of the Mermaid and the Drunks,' Fear'... (in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan et al., 1990)  / 'The Fable of the Mermaid and the Drunkards,' 'The Great Tablecloth' (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
• Navegaciones y regresos, 1959
  - Voyages and Homecomings (in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003)
• Cien sonetos de amor, 1960
  - One Hundred Love Sonnets (tr. Stephen Tapscott, 1986; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003)  / 'Full woman, carnal apple,' 'I don't love you as if you were a rose' (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
• Canción de gesta, 1960
  - Song of Protest (tr. Miguel Algarín, 1976; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003)
• Las piedras de Chile, 1960
  - Stones of Chile (tr. Dennis Maloney, 1986; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003) / 'House,' 'The Lion,' 'I Will Come Back,' 'The Portrait in the Rock' (in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan et al., 1990) 
• Cantos cerimoniales, 1960
  - Ceremonial Songs=Cantos Ceremoniales (tr. Maria Jacketti, 1996; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003)
• Selected Poems, 1961 (tr. Ben Belitt)
• Plenos poderes, 1962
  - Fully Empowered (tr. Alastair Reid, 1975; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003) / 'Poet's Obligation,' 'The Word,' 'Ocean'... (in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan et al., 1990) / 'The Poet's Obligation,' 'The word,' 'The Sea,' 'The People' (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
• Sumario, 1963
• Rome and Juliet, 1964 (from the play by Shakespeare, prod. 1964)
• Memorial de Isla Negra, 1964 (5 vols.)
  - Isla Negra, A Notebook (tr. Alastair Reid, 1970; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003) / 'Poetry,' 'The Pension on the Calle Maruri,' 'Religion in the East'... (in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan et al., 1990)  / 'Poetry,' 'Those Lives,' 'October Fullness,' 'There Is No Clear Light,' 'Insomnia,' 'The Future Is Space' (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
• Arte de pàjaros, 1966
  - Art of Birds (tr. Jack Schmitt, 1985; translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003)
• Una casa en la arena, 1966
  - 'The Names,' 'The Flag' (translations in Selected Poems, tr. Anthony Kerrigan et al., 1990) / The House in the Sand: Prose Poems (tr. Dennis Maloney & Clark M. Zlotchew, 1990) / The House in the Sand (in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003)
• Fulgor y muerte de Joaquín Murieta, 1967 (play, prod. 1967)
  - The Splendour and Death of Joaquín Murieta (tr. Ben Belitt, 1966)
• 44 poetas rumanos, 1967 (translator)
• La manos del día, 1968
  - The Hands of Day (in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003)
• Comiendo en Hungría, 1969
  - Sentimental Journey around the Hungarian Cuisine (tr. Barna Balogh, 1969)
• Fin de mundo, 1969
  - World's End (translations in The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, ed. Ilan Stavans, 2003)
• The Early Poems, 1969 (translated by David Ossman and Carlos B. Hagen)
• A New Decade: Poems 1958-1967, 1969 (translated by Ben Belitt and Alastair Reid)
• Aùn, 1969
  - Still Another Day (bilingual edition, translated by William O’Daly, 2005)
• La espada encendida, 1970
• Las piedras del cielo, 1970
  - Las Piedras del Cielo=Skystones (translated by Ben Belitt, 1981) / Stones of the Sky (translated by James Nolan, 1987)
• Selected Poems, 1972 (translated by Anthony Kerrigan)
• Geografia infructuosa, 1972
• Obras completas, 1973 (3 vols., ed. Margarita Aguirre, Alfonso M. Escudero and Hernán Loyola)
• Incitación al nixonicidio y alabanza de la revolución chilena, 1973
  - A Call for the Destruction of Nixon and Praise for the Chilean Revolution (translated by Teresa Anderson, 1980)
• Defectos escogidos, 1974
  - Memoirs (translated by Hardie St. Martin 1977)
  - Tunnustan eläneeni (suom. Matti Rossi, 1975)
• 2000, 1974
  - 2000 (bilingual edition, translated by Richard Schaaf, 1992
• El mar y las campanas, 1974
  - The Sea and the Bells (translated by William O’Daly, 1988)
• Elegía, 1974
• Five Decades, a Selection, 1974 (edited and translated by Ben Belitt)
• El corazón amarillo, 1974
  - The Yellow Heart (translated by William O’ Daly, 1990)
• Libro de las preguntas, 1974
  - The Book of Questions (translated by William O’Daly, 1991)
  - Kysymysten kirja (suom. Katja Kallio, 1999)
• Jardín de invierno, 1974
  - Winter Garden (tr. William O’Daly, 1986) / 'The Egoist,' 'Winter Garden' (in The Essential Neruda: Selected Poems, ed. Mark Eisner, 2004)
• La rosa separada, 1974
  - The Separate Rose (translated by William O’Daly, 1985)
• Defectos escogidos, 1974
• Cartas de amor, 1974 (ed. Sergio Larrain)
• Para nacer he nacido, 1977
  - Passions and Impressions (translated by Margaret Sayers Peden, 1983)
• El fin de viaje, 1982
• Late and Posthumous Poems, 1968-1975, 1988 (edited and translated by Ben Belitt)
• Let the Rail Splitter Awake and Other Poems, 1989 (translated by C.Perriam)
• Four Odes, One Song, 1990 (translated by N. Tarn & R. Bigus)
• Selected Odes Pablo Neruda, 1990 (translated by M.S. Peden)
• Pablo Neruda: Selected Poems, 1990 (bilingual ed., translated by Anthony Kerrigan et al., edited and with a foreword by Nathaniel Tarn)  
• Odes to Common Things, 1994 (translated by K. Krabbenhoft)
• Neruda's Garden, 1995 (translated by M. Jacketti)
• Odes to Opposites, 1995 (translated by K. Krabbenhoft)
• Discursos parlamentarios de Pablo Neruda: (1945-1948), 1997 (edited by Leonidas Aguirre Silva)
  
• The Poetry of Pablo Neruda, 2003 (ed.  Ilan Stavans)
• The Essential Neruda, 2004 (ed.  Mark Eisner)
• I Explain a Few Things: Selected Poems, 2007 (ed. Ilan Stavans)
• Habla Neruda Memorias Imposibles de Corregir, 2004 (ed. Roberto Silva Bijit)
• Epistolario Viajero 1927-1973, 2004 (ed. Abraham Quezada Vergara)
• Itinerario de una amistad: Pablo Neruda, Héctor Eandi: epistolario 1927-1943, 2008 (ed. Edmundo Olivares)
• Correspondencia entre Pablo Neruda y Jorge Edwards, 2008 (ed. Abraham Quezada Vergara)
• Cartas de amor: cartas a Matilde Urrutia (1950-1973), 2010 (ed. Darío Oses)