Austrian popular novelist, whose Menschen im Hotel (People in a Hotel, 1929) started her career as one of the most widely-read authors of her time. Baum's novel was made into an Oscar winning film in Hollywood in 1932 under the title Grand Hotel, starring Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Wallace Beery, and Lionel Barrymore. Generally Baum's novels have been dismissed as as Unterhaltungs- or Trivialliteratur, but her work has also received serious critical attention.

"Sonderbar ist es mit den G�sten im grossen Hotel. Keiner verl�sst die Dreht�r so, wie er hereinkam." (from Menschen im Hotel)

Vicki Baum was born in Vienna into a Jewish family, the daughter of Hermann Baum and Mathilde Donat. She spent her childhood in bourgeois surroundings, as "the single child of a good family", but in her memoirs she has revealed that due family problems her childhood was not particularly happy. Baum's father was tyrannical and her mother had mental problems. At the age of eight Baum started to study the harp. Her first stories appeared in print when she was fourteen. Baum studied music six years at the conservatory and was educated as a harp player. Baum's first marriage to the Viennese journalist in 1914 Max Prels (1878-1926) was short lived. Some of Baum's stories, which she had written for herself, Prels published under his own name. However, he also opened her doors to the Viennese culture scene and later helped her to get the novel Der Eingang zur B�hne (1920) published by Ullstein. Baum's first literary work, Fr�he Schatten, das Ende einer Kindheit, was published by Erich Reiss Publishing Company in Berlin in 1914 and reissued in 1919. After divorcing, Baum went to Germany, where she played the harp for three years in an orchestra and worked as teacher in the musical high school in Darmstadt.

During World War I Baum worked for a short time as a nurse. In 1916 she married the Viennese-born conductor Richard Lert (1885-1980) of the Darmstadt orchestra, who had been her best friend since childhood. Baum gave up music as a profession and accompanied her husband from one town to another. In 1926 she went to Berlin, where she worked as an editor for the publishing company Ullstein-Velag. Baum's novels were serialized in the Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung.

"I want to be alone... I think I have never been so tired in my life." (Greta Garbo as Grusinskaya in Grand Hotel, 1932)

Baum's literary breakthrough novel, People in a Hotel (1929) made her one of Ullstein's leading authors. The story about a fading prima ballerina, shady nobleman, and other types who in one weekend pass through an elegant hotel, was told with an acute perception of minor detail. To gather material for the novel, Baum had taken a job as a parlourmaid in a hotel for six weeks. After the book came out, Baum dramatized the story for the Berlin stage. This play, under the direction of Gustav Gr�ndgens, turned into a sensation and its English language adaptation by William Drake gained a huge success in New York in the early 1930s. Irving Thalberg, the famous MGM producer, got its synopsis in 1930. The role of Grusinskaya, an aging prima ballerina, seemed perfect for Greta Garbo. Joan Crawford was casted as the slut-stenographer, Flaemmchen. The last line of the picture was reserved for Dr. Otternschlag (Lewis Stone): "Grand Hotel. Always the same. People come, people go. Nothing ever happens." The gala opening of the film was held at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood. Grand Hotel won a Best Picture Oscar and later Crawford told the film was her first big chance. "They told me I wouldn't be able to hold my own with the big boys, against Garbo and the Barrymores. But I proved otherwise." In London moviegoers camped out on the pavement overnight outside the Palace Theatre so they could be the first to see the film.

"Adaptation of Vicki Baum's novel Menschen im Hotel is erratically acted by the male stars, but Garbo and especially Crawford, who was never more appealing, glow – as Hollywood stars once did." (from Guide for the Film Fanatic by Danny Peary, 1986)

Stud. chem. Helene Willf�er (1928) portrayed in the character of Helene a New Woman type, a scientist, businesswoman, and an unmarried mother, who was rationalized, yet compassionate, but the other elements of the novel – an abortion, premarital sex, interracial love – shocked many readers. The book sold well and was adapted into a film Richard Oswald. In Hell in Frauensee (1930) Baum used the successful for mula of Grand Hotel. This time she collected a group of colourful people in a bathing establishment in Th�ringen at the Alps. The protagonist, Urban Hell, is a poor but talented chemist, who works as swimming instructor, and becomes acquainted with an eccentric baroness, famous actress, and industrialist who has two beautiful daughters, May and Karla. After visiting Bali in 1935, Baum wrote Liebe und Tod auf Bali (1937), about a family caught in the middle of the Puputan Badung War and massacre of 1906.

Following the rise of anti-Semitism, Baum emigrated in 1932 with her family to the United States. This second wave of emigration, with stars like Marlene Dietrich, directors such as Wilhelm Dieterle and Edgar G. Ulmer, and cameramen like Karl Freund, marked the end of the golden age of German filmmaking. After traveling around the country advertising her books and giving speeches at exclusive women's clubs, Baum settled in Los Angeles, where she was treated like a media star. Baum worked first under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Within a few years, two of her stories were made into movies: I Give My Love (1934), producted by Universal Pictures and directed by Karl Freund, and The Night Is Young (1935), produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and directed by Dudley Murphy. From 1933, Baum's books were banned in Hitler's Germany, but some of them were published in German in exile publishing houses.

Baum often depicted powerful, self-reliant women caught up the social and economic turbulence of the 20th-century Europe or the US. Starting in 1941 with The Ship and the Shore she wrote all her fiction in English, and produced a novel every two or three years. Her U.S. publisher promoted every book as "the new book by Vicki Baum, best-selling author of Grand Hotel". Due to this image-making, Baum began to feel that she was expected to produce only popular literatur. To break the mold, she wrote The Mustard Seed (1953), critique of American way life. Her other later works include Hotel Berlin '43 (1944), set in the Nazi Germany, and Theme for Ballett (1958), which concerned the American career of a beautiful Viennese danseuse. Baum's books of memoir, It Was All Quite Different, came out posthumously in 1964. Baum died of leukemia in Hollywood on August 29, 1960.

For forther reading: Practicing Modernity: Female Creativity in the Weimar Republic, edited by Christiane Sch�nfeld (2006); Strategien Des Erfolgs: Narratologische Analysen Exemplarischer Romane Vicki Baums by Nicole Nottelmann (2002); World Authors 1900-1950, Volume 1, ed. by Martin Seymour-Smith and Andrew C. Kimmens (1996); Best-Sellers by Design: Vicki Baum and the House of Ullstein by L. King (1988)

Selected works:

• Fr�he Schatten, das Ende einer Kindheit, 1914
• Der Eingang zur B�hne, 1920
  - Once in Vienna (tr. 1943)
  - Film: Futures vedettes, 1955, prod. Del Duca Films, R�gie du Film, dir. Marc All�gret, starring Jean Marais, Brigitte Bardot, Isabelle Pia
• Schlo�theater, 1921 (novelettes: Schlosstheater; Der kleine Page; Kavalier; Abend in Zelesz; Die Bank; Fr�ulein Chrysander; Das Postamt und der Schmetterling; Ritornell; Die blinden Spielleute; Der Knabe und die T�nzerin; Die Ciacconne; Das Souper; Der Klavierspieler; Aus den Memoiren des Hundes Bluff; Die Perlen)
• Die T�nze der Ina Raffay. Ein Leben, 1921
• Halloh, wer f�ngt Flip und Flap?, 1921
• Die anderen Tage, 1922 (novelettes: Raffael Gutmann; Das Joch; Hunger; Das Wunder; Der letzte Tag)
• Bubenreise: eine Erz�hlung f�r junge Menschen, 1923
• Die Welt ohne S�nde. Der Roman einer Minute, 1923
• Ulle der Zwerg, 1924
• Das Christsternlein, 1924 (M�rchenspiel)
  
• Der Weg, 1924 (novelette)
• Tanzpause, 1926 (novelette)
• Feme. Bu�fahrt einer verirrten Jugend, 1926
  - Secret Sentence (tr. Eric Sutton, 1932)
  - Film: Feme, 1927, prod. Richard-Oswald-Produktion, dir. Richard Oswald, starring Eduard Rothauser, Mathilde Sussin, Hans St�we, Grete Mosheim
•  Miniaturen, 1926 (Begegnung; Der Herr und der Lauffer; Vermischte Nachrichten)
• Hell in Frauensee: ein heiterer Roman von Liebe und Hunger, 1927
  - Martin's Summer (tr. Basil Creighton, 1931)
  - Uimaopettaja Urban Hell (suom. Unto Koskela, 1931)
  - Films: Die Drei Frauen von Urban Hell, 1928, dir. Jaap Speyer, screenplay by Vicki Baum, starring Hilde Maroff, Mona Maris, Alfred D�derlein, Mia Pankau, Angelo Ferrari / Lac Aux Dames, 1934, starring Simone Simon, Jean-Pierre Aumont, Rosine Derean, Michel Simon, Odette Joyeux / Hell in Frauensee, TV film 1981, dir. Wolfgang Panzer, with Brigitte Neumeister and Edd Stavjanik
• Stud. chem. Helene Willf�er, 1928
  - Helene (tr. Ida Zeitlin, 1932)
  - Naisylioppilas (suom. Joel Lehtonen, 1930)
  - Films: Stud. chem. Helene Willf�er, 1930, prod. Ideal-Film GmbH, dir. Fred Sauer, starring Olga Tschechowa, Ernst Stahl-Nachbaur, Elza Temary, Igo Sym / H�l�ne, 1936, prod. Les Films Marquise, dir. Jean Beno�t-L�vy, starring Madeleine Renaud, Jean-Louis Barrault, Constant R�my / Studentin Helene Willf�er, 1956, dir. Rudolf Jugert, starring Ruth Niehaus, Hans S�hnker, Elma Karlowa, Erik Schumann
• Menschen im Hotel: ein kolportageroman mit hintergr�nden, 1929
  - Grand Hotel (tr. 1931)
  - Loistohotelli (suom. Clara Borenius, 1931)
  - Films: Grand Hotel, 1932, prod. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), dir. by Edmund Golding, starring Wallace Beery, Joan Crawford, John Barrymore and Greta Garbo. The story depicts a luxurious Berlin hotel, in which a Russian ballerina, played by Garbo, falls in love with baron – Barrymore – who means to rob her. Joan Crawford is a stenographer and Wallace Beery an industrialist. "Our observations must also record the extremely pathetic Miss Garbo, before whose photograph countless American college boys have been offering up prayers these last ten years. For all her beautiful head and appealingly awkward lankiness, Miss Garbo steadily loses her spell through the sound machines. Speaking our language badly, she must be cast always as a foreigner, mumbling but a few words at a time. As usual she has the air of an aspirin addict; she still wears the perpetual headache which once seemed so intriguing in the deaf-and-dumb pictures." (Matthew Josephson in the New Republic, April 27, 1932) / Weekend at the Waldorf, 1945, prod. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), adapted by Guy Bolton, screenplay by Sam and Bella Spewack, starring Ginger Rogers, Van Johnson, Walter Pidgeon, Lana Turner / Menschen im Hotel, 1959, prod. Central Cinema Company Film (CCC), Les Films Modernes, dir. by Gottfried Reinhardt, starring Mich�le Morgan, O.W. Fischer, Heinz R�hmann, Gert Fr�be, Sonja Ziemann
• Grand Hotel, 1930 (play, with John Golden)
• Zwischenfall in Lohwinkel, 1930
  - ... and Life Goes On (tr. Margaret Goldsmith, 1931)
  - Results of an Accident (U.K. title, 1931)
  - Divine Drudge: A Play in 3 Acts (with John Golden, 1934)
• Pariser Platz 13, 1931 (play)
  - TV film: Haus der Sch�nheit, 1963, prod. S�dwestfunk (SWF), dir. Eugen York, cast: Maria Sebaldt, Alexander Kerst, Fita Benkhoff, Gisela Fackeldey
• Leben ohne Geheimnis, 1932
  - Falling Star (tr. 1934)
• Divine Drudge: A Play in Three Acts , 1934 (based on Zwischenfall in Lohwinckel)
• Jape im Warenhaus, 1935
• Das gro�e Einmaleins, 1935
  - Men Never Know (tr. Basil Creighton, 1935)
  - P�iv� sinua varten (suom. Oili Suominen, 1976)
  - Film: Rendezvous in Paris, 1982, prod. Bavaria-Filmkunst Verleih, dir. Gabi Kubach, starring Claude Jade, Harald Kuhlmann, Barry Stokes, V�r�nice Rudolph, Gunther Malzacher
• 'The Big Shot', 1936 (in Collier's, Sept. 19)
  - Film: The Great Flamarion, 1945, dir. Anthony Mann, screenplay by Heinz Herald, starring Erich von Stroheim, Mary Beth Hughes, Dan Duryea
• Die Karriere der Doris Hart, 1936
  - Career (U.K. title, 1936)
  - Sing, Sister, Sing (tr. Basil Creighton, 1939)
  - Film: La Belle que voil�, 1950, dir. Jean-Paul Le Chanois, starring Mich�le Morgan, Henri Vidal, Henri Arius, Jean Debucourt
•  Der gro�e Ausverkauf, 1937
  - Central Stores (tr. 1940)
  - Suuri loppuunmyynti (suomentanut Kersti Bergroth, 1939)
• Liebe und Tod auf Bali, 1937
  - Tale of Bali (tr. Basil Creighton, 1937)
  - A Tale from Bali (U.K. title, 1937)
• Retour � l'aube, 1938 (Von sechs bis sechs; R�ckkehr in Morgengrauen)
  - Film: Retour � l'aube / Returned at Dawn, 1938, screenplay Vicki Baum with Henri Decoin, Pierre Wolff, dir. Henri Decoin, starring Danielle Darrieux, Pierre Dux, Raymond Cordy
• Martha, 1938 (opera by Friedrich von Flotow, adapted by Vicki Baum and Ann Ronell)
• Hotel Shanghai, 1939
  - Shanghai '37 (tr. Basil Creighton, 1939)
  - Nanking Road (U.K. title, 1939)
  - TV film: Shanghai 1937, 1996, prod. Durniok Produktion, teleplay Angel Vagenshtain, dir. Peter Patzak, cast: Agnieszka Wagner, Nicholas Clay, James McCaffrey
• Dance, Girl, Dance, 1940 (story)
  - Film: Dance, Girl, Dance, prod. RKO Radio Pictures, screenplay Frank Davis, Tess Slesinger, dir. Dorothy Arzner, starring Maureen O'Hara, Louis Hayward, Lucille Ball
• Die gro�e Pause, 1941
  - Grand Opera (tr. 1942)
  - V�liverho nousee (suom. Sole Ue�k�ll, 1949)
• The Christmas Carp, 1941
• The Ship and the Shore, 1941
• Girl Trouble, 1942 (story, with Ladislas Fodor, Guy Trosper)
  - Film prod. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation, screenplay Robert Riley Crutcher, Ladislas Fodor, dir. Harold D. Schuster, starring Don Ameche, Joan Bennett
• Marion Alive, 1942
  - Marion lebt (tr. 1942)
  - Marion el�� (suom. Aira Aalto, 1948)
• Hotel Berlin '43, 1944
  - Berlin Hotel (U.K. title, 1943)
  - Hier stand ein Hotel (tr. 1947)
  - Odota minua (suom. Olavi Salas, 1947)
  - Film: Hotel Berlin, 1945, dir. Peter Godfrey, starring Faye Emerson, Helmut Dantine, Helmut Dantine, Peter Lorre, Andrea King
• The Weeping Wood, 1943
  - Kautschuk (tr. 1945)
  - Cahuchu, Storm der Tr�nen (tr. 1952)
• Beyond This Journey, 1944 (serialized in Woman's Home Companion, 1945)
  - Schicksalsflug (tr. 1947)
  - Flight of Fate (tr. 1965)
  - Kohtalonlento (suom. Olli Nuorto, 1950)
• Mortgage on Life, 1946
  - Verpf�ndetes Leben (tr. 1963)
  - Padot murtuvat (suom. Olavi Salas, 1948)
  - Film: A Woman's Secret, 1949, dir. by Nicholas Ray, screenplay by Herman J. Mankiewicz, starring Maureen O'Hara, Gloria Grahame, Melvyn Douglas
• Headless Angel, 1948
  - Clarinda (tr. 1949)
  - Kopfloser Engel (tr. 2000)
  - P��t�n enkeli (suom. Olli Nuorto, 1951)
• Danger from Deer, 1951
  - Vor Rehen wird gewarnt (tr. 1953)
  - Varokaa kaurista (suom. Olli Nuorto, 1952)
  - Film: Liebe, 1956, prod. Central Cinema Company Film (CCC), dir. Horst H�chler, screenplay Jochen Huth, starring Maria Schell, Raf Vallone, Eva Kotthaus, Camilla Spira
• Die Strandwache, 1953 (with Der Weg; Das Joch; Der Sittlich; Der Herr und der Laufer; Die Strandwche; Jape im Warenhaus; Hunger)
• The Mustard Seed, 1953
  - Kristall im Lehm (tr. 1953)
• Written on Water, 1956
  - Blood on the Sea (U.K. title, 1960)
  - Flut und Flamme (tr. 1956)
  - Tiburon (suom. Mario Talaskivi, 1958)
• Einsamer Weg, 1958
• Theme for Ballett, 1958
  - Ballerina (U.K. title, 1958)
  - Die goldenen Schuhe (tr. 1958)
  - Ballerina (suom. Martta Eskelinen, 1960)
• Es war alles ganz anders. Erinnerungen, 1962
  - It Was All Quite Different (tr. 1964)
  - I Know What I'm Worth (U.K. title, 1964)
• Verpf�ndetes Leben, 1963